Study Finds Women Retiring Early Creates Gender Gap in Social Security Wealth

The National Bureau of Economic Research has released a study showing that the the pattern of women tending to marry men who are older and then retiring at the same time as their husbands contributes to a substantial gender gap in Social Security wealth [SSW].

In "The Return to Work and Women's Employment Decisions" (NBER Working Paper No. 24429), Nicole Maestas reports that "the opportunity cost of retirement—-in terms of foregone potential earnings and accruals to Social Security wealth—-may be larger for married women than for their husbands," and that using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), she finds "evidence that the returns to additional work beyond mid-life are greater for married women than for married men. The potential gain in Social Security wealth alone is enough to place married women on nearly equal footing with married men in terms of Social Security wealth at age 70."

For both female cohorts, real earnings increased until age 55 and began to decline at age 57. Men's earnings, on the other hand, continuously decreased from ages 51 to 61. In addition, women's earnings increased by 31 percent across cohorts, but men's earnings increased only 10 percent. So the gender earnings gap shrinks as individuals age into retirement.

For both cohorts, women were more likely than men to retire "early" — before age 62 — or move from full- to part-time employment. In the boomer cohort, 47 percent of women retired or reduced work early, but only 41 percent of men did so.

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When ranked by the amount of additional SSW they would receive if they worked to age 70, married women in the top quartile would gain an average of over $36,000, compared with only $1,300 for those in the bottom quartile. Despite these potentially significant differences in the financial consequences of early retirement, Maestas finds that the early retirement rate among women with a lot to gain from continued work is comparable to that for women with relatively little potential gain. "This suggests that individuals do not factor these potential gains into their employment decisions, and it raises the question of whether individuals are able to correctly assess the opportunity costs associated with reducing work effort before age 70."

Source: NBER Digest "Married Women Who Retire Early May Forfeit Social Security Wealth" (June 2018)

Switzerland: Survey Finds Majority of Employees Retiring before Reaching Retirement Age

According to Swissinfo.ch, the NZZ am Sonntag newspaper has reported that 58% of Swiss employees stop working before the official retirement age in Switzerland. The survey conducted by the Swisscanto pension fund specialist found that only 32% continue to retirement age (65 for men and 64 for women), and just 10% carry on working beyond that age.

NZZ am Sonntag said the high number of people taking early retirement is rather surprising. The trend goes against current political thinking, which is towards raising the retirement age because of funding problems in the state pension scheme. According to the survey, raising the retirement age to over 65 is likely to continue meeting strong public resistance.
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Swisscanto board member René Raths also expressed concern to the newspaper. He says that longer life expectancy means longer retirement, and that in 2035, there will be only 2.3 working people funding one pensioner, compared with nearly 4 at present.

Source: Swissinfo.ch "Majority of Swiss opt for early retirement, says survey" (June 3, 2018)

Report Calls for Workplace Innovation To Stem Early Retirements

Following a three year study--led by Nottingham Trent University with Workplace Innovation Limited (see WORKKAGE website)--aimed at preventing the loss of vital knowledge, skills and experience of increasingly aging workforces, an interim report recommends that measures be taken by employers to ensure older workers don’t become demotivated and head into early retirement. Specifically, in "Active working lives through workplace innovation practices" "WORKAGE aims to demonstrate that targeted workplace interventions to improve job design and work organization can facilitate enhanced engagement and retention of older workers and produce wider benefits for the organization and its employees."

Among other things, the report calls for innovate workplace practices:

• The interplay between workplace practices and participative process is central for workplace innovation and its dual aim of promoting productivity and quality of working life;
• WORKAGE developed interventions around four elements of innovative practices: jobs and teams; organizational structures, management and procedures; employee-driven improvement and innovation; and co-created leadership and employee voice;
• the report's conceptual framework is that experienced quality of job and workplace practices will increase three critical states (work engagement, workability, and occupational outlook), which will, in turn, influence intentions to retire.
• Especially important for improved work engagement and in turn retirement intentions are: (1) practices that are supportive of co-created leadership and employee voice, (2) practices that are supportive of quality jobs and teams, (3) higher job control, and (4) reduced physical job demands.

Source: Nottingham Trent University Press Release (November 28, 2016)

Research: Effect of Early Retirement and Part-time Employment on Participation Rates of Older Workers in Europe

The results of a study analyzing the variation in labor market withdrawal of older workers across 13 European countries over the period 1995-2008 has been published. In "Early retirement across Europe. Does non-standard employment increase participation of older workers?," Jim Been and Olaf Van Vliet sought "to contribute to existing macro-econometric studies by taking non-standard employment into account, by relating the empirical model more explicitly to optional value model theory on retirement decisions and by using a two-step IV-GMM estimator to deal with endogeneity issues."

Their analysis, published as Netspar Discussion Paper No. 10-2014-044 led Been and Van Vliet to the conclusion that part-time employment is negatively related to labor market withdrawal of older men. This relationship is less strong among women. In addition, they found that part-time employment at older ages does not decrease the average actual hours worked. Furthermore, the results show a positive relationship between unemployment among older workers and early retirement similar to previous studies.

As a wider implication, our results suggest that facilitating part-time work might contribute to higher labor market participation among older workers at the extensive margin. However, facilitating part-time employment could also induce a reduction in working hours among persons who would otherwise have remained working in full-time employment. Our analysis suggests that increases in part-time employment did not have negative effects on the labor supply at the intensive margin across countries. For men, the results even suggest clear positive effects. This indicates that part-time work schemes may actually increase the labor supply at both the extensive and the intensive margin at older ages.

Source: Social Science Research Network Abstract (October 15, 2014)

Italy: Employers Encouraging Older Workers To Retire Early to Provide Employment

According to a report from BBC News, employers, with government support, are providing incentives to older workers to retire early to help reduce youth unemployment.



Source: BBC News "Older workers in Italy encouraged to hand over to young" (October 30, 2013)

Additional sources: New York Times "Italy: The Nation That Crushes Its Young" (October 30, 2013); Wall St. Journal "'Mancession' Pushes Italian Women Back Into Workforce" (October 30, 2013)

Research: Costs of Illness and Early Retirement of Older Workers in Australia

Australian researchers have published results showing that illness-related early retirement has significant economic impacts on both the individual and on governments as a result of lost income, lost taxation revenue and increased government support payments, and quantifying the extent of these impacts for Australia. According to "Economic impacts of illness in older workers: quantifying the impact of illness on income, tax revenue and government spending"

[P]ersons out of the labour force due to illness had significantly lower incomes ($218 per week as opposed to $1,167 per week for those employed full-time), received significantly higher transfer payments, and paid significantly less tax than those employed full-time or part-time. This results in an annual national loss of income of over $17 billion, an annual national increase of $1.5 billion in spending on government support payments, and an annual loss of $2.1 billion in taxation revenue.

The authors--Deborah J Schofield, Rupendra N Shrestha, Richard Percival, Megan E Passey, Simon J Kelly, and Emily J Callander--conclude that "In the past, policy has focused upon economic incentives to defer retirement. However, as ill health is a primary barrier to workforce participation in older Australians, economic incentives alone may not be able to increase participation if the underlying health conditions are not addressed. Investment in improvements in health is potentially an important way of improving national living standards."

Source: BioMed Central Public Health Volume 11 Abstract (June 1, 2011)

Canada: Study Finds that Economic Pressures Cause Many Older Workers To Retire Early

A study published by the Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP) finds that older workers who face sudden layoff rarely match their previous earnings upon reemployment, that their earnings tend to stagnate in subsequent years, and that the situation drives many to retire early. According to "Labour Force Participation of Older Displaced Workers in Canada: Should I Stay or Should I Go?", IRPP Study No. 15, written by Ross Finnie and David Gray, such hastened retirement will further slow labor force growth, which is already beginning to wane due to population aging, thus reducing economic growth and putting additional stress on public and private pension plans.

Finnie and Gray report that, among those aged 45 to 59 (who are not eligible for Canada Pension Plan benefits), about one-quarter have "retired" within five years after being layed off, in the sense that they rely on pensions as their primary source of income. This proportion rises to nearly 70% in the 60 to 64 age group.

The authors lay out four policy options to address the question of whether older displaced workers should retire early (by choice or by force) or continue to work:

1. Encouraging older displaced workers to retire early, aided by government subsidy, which amounts to very long-term income maintenance until they reach normal retirement age.
2. Providing passive employment insurance benefits.
3. Providing active employment insurance benefits.
4. Providing wage insurance.

IRPP also has available online an interview with the authors.

Source: Institute for Research on Public Policy Press Release (February 24, 2011)

South Korea: Government To Seek to Encourage Earlier Retirement to Boost Younger Workers

Writing in the JoongAng Daily, Jung Ha-won reports that the South Korean government is intensifying pressure on state-run companies to shed more employees before they hit retirement age to open the door for younger workers. part of its efforts to prop up the job market. The Finance Ministry is expected to unveil guidelines to discourage state-run enterprises from taking advantage of the current system to keep all their older workers on the payroll, instead of keeping only a select few senior workers deemed absolutely necessary.

“Extending the retirement age for all employees can block new employment opportunities for youth and deal a blow to the labor market,” said one Finance Ministry official who declined to be named. “We are preparing guidelines to fend off thoughtless attempts to extend retirement ages.”

In a related story, Cho Jin-seo, writing for Korea Times, reports that government is against state-run firms' moves to extend the retirement age and that the government will introduce detailed guidelines to discourage such measures.

Sources: JoongAng Daily "Gov’t to tighten older worker policy" (February 25, 2010); Korea Times "Seoul Opposes Extension of Retirement Age" (February 23, 2010)

Europe: Expert Encourages Labor Market Reform in Advance of Aging Workforce

The European Union needs to undertake far-reaching labour market reforms if it wants to be able to safeguard its social security system, according to a Policy Brief written by Fabian Zuleeg and released by the European Policy Centre. Otherwise, it is not clear that Europe's social security system "will be affordable with fewer payers and a disproportionate rise in the number of recipients of, in particular, pensions and health care."

At a briefing on the issue, as reported by Jochen Luypaert, Zuleeg said that employment rates need to increase, especially among women, older people, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities and low-skilled people.

The EPC expert proposed to get rid of early retirement schemes, raise the retirement age and introduce policies that engage older workers in the labour market.

One of the proposed ways to avoid companies laying off older workers is to make sure that their wages correspond to their productivity, even if this means that older workers are paid significantly less than is currently the case.

Source: European Policy Centre Policy Brief (November 16, 2007)

Additional Source: EUobserver "EU labour market reform 'urgent'" (November 29, 2007)

Canada: Recommendations in Quebec To Stop Encouraging Early Retirement and Pushing Normal Retirement Age to 67

According to an Economic Note published by the Montreal Economic Institute, economist Norma Kozhaya, ending the encouragement of early retirement right away and gradually pushing back normal retirement age from 65 to 67 are among the measures needed to reduce the impact of aging on Quebec's public finances as well as to ease labour shortages. The Note--"The retirement age in Quebec: A worrying situation"--concludes that “it is essential to start the necessary reforms right away before demographic phenomena lead to lower economic growth that will reduce wealth creation in Quebec.”

The focus of the Note was the fact that the aging of the population and the impending mass retirement of baby boomers are already starting to create labour shortages and will soon cause weaker growth in the economy. The goal of the recommendations was to suggest a number of moves that could be considered to raise the participation rate of older people on the job market and to reduce the negative economic effects of aging while helping maintain the viability of existing retirement plans.

Source: Montreal Economic Institute Media Release (June 18, 2007)

Commentary: Global Economy and Early Retirement versus Working Longer

Philip Taylor, professor of employment policy at Swinburne University of Technology, offers up thoughts on why Australia has been increasing its employment of older workers, while at the same time companies in other parts of the world are continuing to offer incentives for early retirment. Thus, he contrasts positive signs that suggest that Australian business has woken up to the potential of older worker, with indications from other countries that raises the question whether "much of industry, wishing to remain globally competitive, will dare employ ageing workforces."

He concludes that a "cautious view would be that global competition will continue to reshape the contours of older workers' employment in uncertain ways. There will be some winners, but there are likely to be many losers. An adequate policy response will to encourage economic activity while recognising the need for a dignified exit."

Source: The Age "Job prospects on rise for older workers" (May 25, 2007)

Commentary: Early Retirement Trend Reversing in Australia

Ross Gittins, commenting in the Sydney Morning Herald on the sharp increase in the number of older workers staying in employment, observes that the rise has been caused by men staying in full-time jobs--that is, it represents "men staying in employment and not retiring, rather than men who'd formerly retired being enticed back into the workforce." Women is a different story, as participation by women aged 55 to 64 has been constantly rising as part of the general trend for women to return to or stay in the workforce.

In looking at various explanations for the reversal, Gittins notes that, in earlier times, a lot of the supposed early retirement was involuntary, while more recently there's been a lot fewer involuntary departures from the workforce. In addition, he notes that "the now ageing baby boomers are healthier and better educated than the generation that preceded them" so that "they may have higher expectations for retired comfort than could be satisfied by just the proceeds of the age pension." Finally, while he believes that prejudice against older workers is dissipating rapidly, this is "less because of the sermons than because of the shortage of experienced, steady workers. Market forces strike again."

Source: Sydney Morning Herald "Another myth bites the dust" (February 7, 2007)

Portugal: Pension Reforms Will Penalize Early Retirement

News reports indicate that Portuguese state pensions are to be indexed to the country's economic performance and average life expectancy under new pension and welfare reforms announced Tuesday. While the official retirement age is to stay at 65, any increases in the country's average life expectancy will trigger a reduction in the amount paid out so the entitlement can be spread over a longer period. In addition, anyone taking early retirement will have their pension cut by up to 6%.

According to the Associated Press report on the changes, "workers can choose to offset possible reductions by increasing the amount they pay into the social security system while still in employment or by working beyond 65." In addition, business confederations representing industry, agriculture, services and tourism that had initially balked at employing older workers agreed to the changes as the government warned that the alternative was higher corporate taxes.

Source: Business Week Online "Portugal pension system to be reformed" (October 10, 2006)

China: Encouraging Retirement?

According to China Daily, the weekly magazine Liaowang (Lookout) recently carried an article in which some scholars suggested that China should alleviate its social welfare financial burden by making more people retire at an earlier age. "However, some experts objected to this suggestion. In their opinion, in order to reduce the pressure adding on China's welfare system, the most important task should be getting rid of all those abnormal 'early retirement policies'. In some specific areas, the work units could set a time range for retirement age so that people could arrange their life in a better way."

The article also notes that Secretary-general of the Social Policy Research Center from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and researcher from the Social Research Institute Tang Jun said that in China, aging problem is not as serious as in the West. Among other things, China has a large base number for labor resources--even in 2015-2020 when China's labor resources would reach its lowest point as some people predicted, there would still be 750 million working population available in China then.

Source: China Daily "More people encouraged to retire" (July 11, 2006)

McKinsey Survey Finds U.S. Workers Retiring Early

Despite growing financial pressure to stay in the workforce, a report by McKinsey & Co., based on a national survey of 3,086 people, shows that American workers are far more likely to be forced into an early retirement than many expect. Writing for the LA Times, Jonathan Peterson reports that 40% of retired workers left their jobs sooner than they had planned, usually because of health problems or the loss of employment, and that while 45% of people currently employed planned to keep working past age 65, only 13% of polled retirees had done so.

McKinsey's data do not mean that the trend toward a later retirement age is changing, experts say. But the facts counsel caution to those who discount the challenges of working into their late 60s or beyond, and they suggest that many who assume they will work late in life may be mistaken.

Source: "Many Forced to Retire Early" Los Angeles Times (May 15, 2006)

Rising Health Insurance Costs Pressuring Employees Considering Retiring Early

John O'Neil, writing in The New York Times, reports that the evaporation of health benefits for younger retirees will be playing an important role in the final career trajectory of the baby boom generation. "Even more than pensions, they say, retirees' access to health insurance may determine whether the next decade sees an outpouring of late-in-life energy and entrepreneurialism or whether offices will be clogged with workers stuck in their cubicles until they turn 65." In particular, workers need to contemplate having $50,000 to $100,000, or more, to cover health insurance until they qualify for Medicare, assuming they are healthy enough to qualify for insurance at all.

After discussing many aspects of the problem, O'Neil does conclude by pointing out that there are some signs of new alternatives emerging. For example, some states have extended COBRA coverage. In addition, some companyies are exploring the idea of adding or extending health insurance for pre-Medicare retirees, as they try to manage the departure of their baby boom work forces--discovering that a lot of people are hanging around, ready to retire, but they just don't have the benefits."

Source: "Want to Retire Early and Hang a Shingle? It'll Cost You" New York Times (April 11, 2006)

Linkages Between Early Retirement and Poorer Health

Following up on recent findings of a recent study published in the British Medical Journal that leaving the workforce at age 55 doubled the risk for death before reaching age 65, compared with those who kept working beyond age 60, James Pasternak seeks further confirmation. According to one of the authors of “Age at Retirement and Long Term Survival of an Industrial Population: Prospective Cohort Study,” failing health might have played a role in the younger retirees' higher mortality, but data were not available to assess directly whether poor health was a significant factor and it is not clear why continued employment led to longer life, the researchers wrote.

Pasternak reports that a Social Development Canada study released in May 2001 seems to conclude that health, the age of retirement and life expectancy might be intrinsically linked, with the planned age of retirement increasing by 2.5 years for persons who report their health as fair, rising to 3 years for persons who report their health as excellent. However, "[s]peaking anecdotally, Larry Berdugo, a certified financial planner of Toronto-based Independent Financial Concepts Group Ltd has found that early retirement without a road map can lead to malaise, indifference and reduced life expectancy."

Source: "Early Retirement May be Dangerous to your Health" CARP Online (February 2006)